A predictive processing account of radical changes in phenomenal experience, awakening, enlightenment, and liberation.
When we perceive the world, we don’t just passively receive information. Instead, we are constantly inferring what is going on. In a sense, our brains act as scientists or statisticians, using sensory data to test hypotheses about reality.
This frameworkโthe “Bayesian Brain”โprovides a fascinating scientific lens through which we can understand deep meditative states and spiritual awakening.
Perception is a bridge between The World (the causes of our perception) and The Agent (us, receiving sensory input).
To navigate reality, our brains rely on Bayes’ Theorem, a mathematically optimal solution for maximizing the value of information. At its core, it calculates the best hypothesis of what is happening in the world given the sensory data we are receiving.
However, calculating every single possibility is computationally explosive. To solve this, the brain uses a Bayesian Brain Model:
How does the brain balance what it expects with what it actually experiences? It uses the Variational Algorithm, which aims to minimize “Free Energy”โessentially minimizing the surprise or distance between our prior hypotheses and the actual sensory data. We can minimize this surprise through perception or through Active Inference (taking action in the world to make our sensory data match our goals).
Crucial to this is Precision Weighting, which is synonymous with Attention. Attention determines the weight given to higher-level prior beliefs versus bottom-up sensory data. Where we place our attention shifts the balance of how reality is constructed in our minds.
Our sense of “self” is not a physical object, but a model constructed by the brain. The minimal phenomenal self is built on:
Philosopher Thomas Metzinger notes: “If… the self-model of a conscious system would become fully opaque, then the phenomenal target property of experiential ‘selfhood’ would disappear.” This “opacification” is precisely what happens in advanced meditation.
Different meditative traditions target different parts of the brain’s predictive machinery. They can be broken down into three main families:
Includes: Focused Attention (Jhana, breath counting, mantra) and Open Monitoring (choiceless awareness, mindfulness).
Includes: Vipassana, analytical meditation, Koan practice, Dzogchen, Self-inquiry.
Includes: Loving-kindness (Metta), compassion training, centering prayer, contemplating mortality.
Non-Dual Awareness is the recognition of the empty space of phenomenal experience itself. It is shifting focus to the substrate on which the brain’s generative model arisesโpure awareness.
Meditation can be mapped on a 3-dimensional phenomenological graph:
A typical non-meditative mind sits at (0, 0, 0). An expert in Vipassana might sit at (3, 3, 3), while a state of deep, non-dual absorption (Minimal Phenomenal Experience) maxes out all axes at (9, 9, 9). This mapping also perfectly aligns with the deepening states of the 8 Buddhist Jhanas.
Through deep meditation (and sometimes psychedelics), the weight of our highest-level priors, assumptions, and beliefs is severely attenuated.
When you strip these away, the brain enters a “reprogramming mode.” At this stage, your operating system can be updated. Practices like loving-kindness meditation become highly effective constructive tools to re-weight your priors in a positive direction (skillful fabrication).
Ultimately, this points to the Buddhist concept of Dependent Co-Arising as a form of Bayesian Inference. Our experience of the world is a constructionโbut it is a constrained construction, limited by external data and internal beliefs.
A depressed person views reality through a terrible lens, and thus experiences a terrible world. A joyful person views reality through a lens of wonder, and experiences an amazing world. Because reality is co-created by our prior beliefs, we have the power to change them.
The trick is to make it beautiful.
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Updated on Oct 11, 2026.
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